Global PV Waste to Reach 402 Million Tonnes by 2060

Global photovoltaic (PV) waste is projected to reach between 297 million and 402 million tonnes by the year 2060, necessitating the development of regionally adapted recycling strategies and robust international cooperation to ensure equitable and scalable circularity for this growing waste stream. This significant volume of waste stems from the rapid expansion of solar energy installations worldwide, driven by global efforts to transition towards renewable energy sources and combat climate change. As solar panels reach the end of their operational lifespan, typically between 25 to 30 years, a substantial amount of material will require processing and recovery.

The study, published online in the journal Nature on August 12, 2026, with the digital object identifier (DOI) 10.1038/s41586-026-10905-w, emphasizes that a one-size-fits-all approach to recycling will not be effective. Different regions will face unique challenges and opportunities based on their existing infrastructure, economic conditions, regulatory frameworks, and the specific types of PV technologies deployed. Therefore, tailored strategies are crucial to maximize the recovery of valuable materials such as silicon, silver, copper, and aluminum, while also safely managing hazardous components like lead and cadmium.

International cooperation is identified as a critical component for achieving equitable and scalable PV waste circularity. This cooperation could involve the sharing of best practices, technological advancements, and financial resources. It may also include the establishment of global standards for PV waste management and recycling, facilitating cross-border trade in recycled materials and components. Such collaboration is essential to prevent the dumping of PV waste in less regulated regions and to ensure that the benefits of recycling are shared globally, particularly with developing nations that are increasingly adopting solar energy.

The projected volume of PV waste underscores the importance of proactive planning and investment in recycling infrastructure. Without adequate preparation, the accumulation of waste could pose significant environmental risks, including land contamination and the depletion of critical raw materials. The research in Nature serves as a timely call to action for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers to work collaboratively towards a sustainable future for solar energy, where the end-of-life management of PV modules is as well-developed and integrated as their deployment.